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Appendix:Catalan second conjugation Mar 28th 2013, 00:24 Revision as of 22:36, 27 March 2013 (edit) CodeCat (Talk | contribs) Latest revision as of 00:24, 28 March 2013 (edit) (undo) CodeCat (Talk | contribs) Line 2: Line 2:       This group contains verbs in ''-re'' and ''-er'', which are mostly irregular verbs; only verbs like {{term|perdre|lang=ca}} or {{term|témer|lang=ca}} are strictly regular. Characteristic of this conjugation class is that the stem rather than the infinitive ending is stressed.   This group contains verbs in ''-re'' and ''-er'', which are mostly irregular verbs; only verbs like {{term|perdre|lang=ca}} or {{term|témer|lang=ca}} are strictly regular. Characteristic of this conjugation class is that the stem rather than the infinitive ending is stressed.   +   + :''Category:'' [[:Category:Catalan second conjugation verbs]]       The five main subgroups within the second conjugation are divided based on the final consonant of the stem.   The five main subgroups within the second conjugation are divided based on the final consonant of the stem. Line 42: Line 44:   -->|-|-i|-'''e'''m|-'''e'''u|-in<!--   -->|-|-i|-'''e'''m|-'''e'''u|-in<!--   -->}}   -->}} −   − === Varieties ===   −   − The verbs with stems in ''-b'' or ''-d'' preceded by a vowel differ in having the stem-final consonant devoice to ''-p'' and ''-t'' in the 2nd and 3rd person singular present indicative.   −   − {| class="wikitable"   − ! Ending in   − ! Example verb   − ! Other verbs   − |-   − | -Vb, -Vd   − | {{l|ca|rebre}}   − | {{l|ca|cabre}}/{{l|ca|caber}}, {{l|ca|saber}}, {{l|ca|poder}}, {{l|ca|apercebre}}, {{l|ca|concebre}}, {{l|ca|decebre}}, {{l|ca|percebre}}   − |}         === Irregular verbs ===   === Irregular verbs === Line 63: Line 51:   ! Other verbs   ! Other verbs   ! Irregularity   ! Irregularity − |-   − | {{l|ca|metre}}   − | {{l|ca|admetre}}, {{l|ca|emetre}}, {{l|ca|transmetre}}, {{l|ca|sotmetre}}   − | Past participle (mes, -mès).     |-   |-   | {{l|ca|cabre}}/{{l|ca|caber}}   | {{l|ca|cabre}}/{{l|ca|caber}}   |   |   | Present subjunctive/imperative with stem ''capig-''.   | Present subjunctive/imperative with stem ''capig-''.   + |-   + | {{l|ca|cerndre}}   + |   + | With ''cern-'' as the stem in all tenses except the future and conditional.   |-   |-   | {{l|ca|saber}}   | {{l|ca|saber}} Line 98: Line 86:   -->|-|-i|-'''e'''m|-'''e'''u|-in<!--   -->|-|-i|-'''e'''m|-'''e'''u|-in<!--   -->}}   -->}} −   − === Varieties ===   −   − As with [[Appendix:Catalan first conjugation|first conjugation]] verbs, some verbs' final consonant changes pronunciation depending on the following vowel. In these verbs, the final consonant itself is changed depending on the first vowel of the ending to compensate and maintain pronunciation. In this case, the only example is {{term|vèncer|lang=ca}}.   −   − {| class="wikitable"   − ! Before a, o, u   − ! Before e, i   − ! Example verb   − |-   − | -ç-   − | -c-   − | {{l|ca|vèncer}}   − |}   −   − Verbs with stems ending in ''-x'' or ''-c''/''-ç'' have ''-es'' in the 2nd person singular. Stems ending in ''-r'' preceded by another consonant additionally get ''-e'' in the 3rd person singular.   −   − {| class="wikitable"   − |-   − ! Ending   − ! Example verb   − ! Other verbs   − |-   − | -x, -c/-ç   − | {{l|ca|créixer}}   − | {{l|ca|merèixer}}, {{l|ca|aparèixer}}, {{l|ca|conèixer}}, {{l|ca|néixer}}/{{l|ca|nàixer}}, {{l|ca|vèncer}}   − |-   − | -rr   − | {{l|ca|córrer}}   − | {{l|ca|acórrer}}, {{l|ca|concórrer}}, {{l|ca|encórrer}}, {{l|ca|escórrer}}   − |}         === Irregular verbs ===   === Irregular verbs === Line 136: Line 93:   ! Other verbs   ! Other verbs   ! Irregularity   ! Irregularity − |-   − | {{l|ca|atènyer}}   − |   − | Past participle (atès)   − |-   − | {{l|ca|constrènyer}}   − |   − | Past participle (constret)     |-   |-   | {{l|ca|créixer}}   | {{l|ca|créixer}} Line 194: Line 143:   ! Other verbs   ! Other verbs   ! Irregularity   ! Irregularity − |-   − | {{l|ca|prendre}}   − | {{l|ca|fendre}}, {{l|ca|aprendre}}, {{l|ca|defendre}}, {{l|ca|dependre}}, {{l|ca|despendre}}, {{l|ca|ofendre}}, {{l|ca|suspendre}}   − | Past participle (pres). Accent in multi-syllable stems.   − |-   − | {{l|ca|compondre}}   − | {{l|ca|correspondre}}, {{l|ca|descompondre}}, {{l|ca|despondre's}}, {{l|ca|pondre}}, {{l|ca|recompondre}}, {{l|ca|respondre}}   − | Past participle (compost).   − |-   − | {{l|ca|fondre}}   − | {{l|ca|confondre}}, {{l|ca|difondre}}, {{l|ca|infondre}}, {{l|ca|refondre}}, {{l|ca|transfondre}}   − | Past participle (fos). Accent in multi-syllable stems.   − |-   − | {{l|ca|enfondre}}   − |   − | Past participle (enfús).   − |-   − | {{l|ca|romandre}}   − |   − | Past participle (romàs).   − |-   − | {{l|ca|vendre}}   − | {{l|ca|malvendre}}   − | Past participle (venut).   − |-   − | {{l|ca|atendre}}   − | {{l|ca|distendre}}, {{l|ca|entendre}}, {{l|ca|estendre}}, {{l|ca|pretendre}}   − | Past participle (atès).   − |-   − | {{l|ca|absoldre}}   − | {{l|ca|dissoldre}}, {{l|ca|remoldre}}, {{l|ca|resoldre}}, {{l|ca|toldre}}   − | Past participle (absolt).     |-   |-   | {{l|ca|doldre}}/{{l|ca|doler}}   | {{l|ca|doldre}}/{{l|ca|doler}}   | {{l|ca|condoldre's}}   | {{l|ca|condoldre's}}   | Past participle (dolgut).   | Past participle (dolgut). − |-   − | {{l|ca|moldre}}   − |   − | Past participle (mòlt).   − |-   − | {{l|ca|cerndre}}   − |   − | With ''cern-'' as the stem in all tenses except the future and conditional.     |-   |-   | {{l|ca|valer}}/{{l|ca|valdre}}   | {{l|ca|valer}}/{{l|ca|valdre}} Line 285: Line 194:   -->|-u|-gui|-gu'''e'''m|-'''e'''u|-guin<!--   -->|-u|-gui|-gu'''e'''m|-'''e'''u|-guin<!--   -->}}   -->}} −   − ==== Irregular verbs ====   −   − {| class="wikitable"   − ! Verb   − ! Other verbs   − ! Irregularity   − |-   − | {{l|ca|cloure}}   − | {{l|ca|descloure}}, {{l|ca|encloure}}, {{l|ca|incloure}}   − | Past participle (clos). Accent in multi-syllable stems.   − |-   − | {{l|ca|coure}}   − |   − | Past participle (cuit).   − |}         === Imperfect in ''-via'' ===   === Imperfect in ''-via'' === Latest revision as of 00:24, 28 March 2013 Main appendix: Catalan verbs This group contains verbs in -re and -er, which are mostly irregular verbs; only verbs like perdre or témer are strictly regular. Characteristic of this conjugation class is that the stem rather than the infinitive ending is stressed. Category: Category:Catalan second conjugation verbs The five main subgroups within the second conjugation are divided based on the final consonant of the stem. Infinitive in Stem ending -re (-er) -d, -t, -b, -p -er -m, -ny, -rr, -x, -c/-ç -dre (-er) -n(d), -l(d) -ure (+ dur, dir) -a(u), -e(u), -i(u), -o(u) There are some verbs in stressed -er, but these do not form a coherent group. Many have alternative forms in -re or -dre, and generally inflect as those respective groups as their stem-final consonants predict. They are not distinguished as a separate group here. Contents 1 Infinitive in -re 2 Infinitive in -er 3 Infinitive in -dre 4 tenir, venir and derivatives 5 Infinitive in -ure 5.1 Imperfect in -ïa 5.2 Imperfect in -via 5.3 Imperfect in -(e)ia 5.3.1 Varieties 5.3.2 Irregular verbs 6 Other verbs 7 References [edit] Infinitive in -re Model verb: perdre Other verbs: batre, botre, fotre, retre, rompre Template: {{ca-conj-re}} This group contains verbs with stems ending -d, -t, -b, -p. Most have infinitives in -re though a few end in stressed -er.     Conjugation of second conjugation, stem in plosive (except -nd, -ld) infinitive -re present participle -ent past participle -ut person singular plural first second third first second third Indicative jo tu ell/ella vostè nosaltres nós vosaltres vós ells/elles vostès present -o -s - -em -eu -en imperfect -i-a -i-es -i-a -í-em -í-eu -i-en future -r-é -r-às -r-à -r-em -r-eu -r-an preterite -í -eres -é -érem -éreu -eren conditional -r-ia -r-ies -r-ia -r-íem -r-íeu -r-ien subjunctive jo tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles present -i -is -i -em -eu -in imperfect -és -essis -és -éssim -éssiu -essin imperative - tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles - -i -em -eu -in [edit] Irregular verbs Verb Other verbs Irregularity cabre/caber Present subjunctive/imperative with stem capig-. cerndre With cern- as the stem in all tenses except the future and conditional. saber Present subjunctive/imperative with stem sapig-. Infinitive in stressed -er. Irregular present 1st singular indicative (sé). poder Irregular present indicative 1/2/3sg (puc, pots, pot). Otherwise as prendre in all forms but present and imperfect indicative. But present subjunctive/imperative with stem pug-. [edit] Infinitive in -er Model verb: témer Template: {{ca-conj-er}} This group contains verbs with stems ending in -m, -ny, -rr, -x or -c/-ç. The infinitive ending is unstressed -er. The future and conditional is formed with -er- rather than -r-.     Conjugation of second conjugation, stem in fricative or sonorant infinitive -er present participle -ent past participle -ut person singular plural first second third first second third Indicative jo tu ell/ella vostè nosaltres nós vosaltres vós ells/elles vostès present -o -s - -em -eu -en imperfect -i-a -i-es -i-a -í-em -í-eu -i-en future -er-é -er-às -er-à -er-em -er-eu -er-an preterite -í -eres -é -érem -éreu -eren conditional -er-ia -er-ies -er-ia -er-íem -er-íeu -er-ien subjunctive jo tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles present -i -is -i -em -eu -in imperfect -és -essis -és -éssim -éssiu -essin imperative - tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles - -i -em -eu -in [edit] Irregular verbs Verb Other verbs Irregularity créixer merèixer Past participle (crescut). Alternative forms for preterite, subjunctive and imperative also with stem cresc-. pertànyer Past participle (pertangut). Alternative forms for preterite, subjunctive and imperative also with stem pertang-. córrer acórrer, concórrer, encórrer, escórrer With stem correg- in the preterite and imperfect subjunctive. 3rd singular present and 2nd singular imperative in -e. aparèixer comparèixer, conèixer, desconèixer, parèixer, reconèixer With stem apareg- in the 1sg. present, preterite, subjunctive, imperative and past participle. néixer/nàixer péixer Past participle (nascut). Stem varies between -eix- and -aix-. Alternative forms for preterite, subjunctive/imperative with stem nasc-. [edit] Infinitive in -dre Model verb: prendre Template: {{ca-conj-dre}} This group contains verbs with stems in -n or -l, most with infinitives in -dre, and a few in stressed -er. The actual stem of these verbs is formed by removing -dre. The infinitive, future and conditional then add -d- and the preterite, subjunctive and imperative add -g-. The first person singular present ends in -c. The past participle forms are mostly unpredictable. Three-syllable verbs in -endre get an accent on the e in the 3rd person singular present and 2nd person imperative.     Conjugation of second conjugation, stem in -nd, -ld infinitive -dre present participle -ent past participle -(g)ut? person singular plural first second third first second third Indicative jo tu ell/ella vostè nosaltres nós vosaltres vós ells/elles vostès present -c -s - -em -eu -en imperfect -i-a -i-es -i-a -í-em -í-eu -i-en future -dr-é -dr-às -dr-à -dr-em -dr-eu -dr-an preterite -guí -gueres -gué -guérem -guéreu -gueren conditional -dr-ia -dr-ies -dr-ia -dr-íem -dr-íeu -dr-ien subjunctive jo tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles present -gui -guis -gui -guem -gueu -guin imperfect -gués -guessis -gués -guéssim -guéssiu -guessin imperative - tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles - -gui -guem -eu -guin [edit] Irregular verbs Strictly speaking, all verbs in this group are irregular, since there is no predictable regular past participle form. Verb Other verbs Irregularity doldre/doler condoldre's Past participle (dolgut). valer/valdre equivaler, prevaler, soler Infinitive in stressed -er. Past participle (valgut). voler Infinitive in stressed -er. Past participle (volgut). Pres.ind.1 (vull), present subjunctive/imperative with stem vulg-. caldre/caler Infinitive in stressed -er. Past participle (calgut). Defective, third person forms only. [edit] tenir, venir and derivatives Model verb: tenir Template: {{ca-conj-ir-tenir}} Although their infinitives end in -ir, the verbs tenir and venir and their derivatives conjugate like prendre, as if their infinitive were tindre and vindre (those alternative forms are, in fact, used by some speakers). The present tense (apart from the 1st person singular) and the imperfect tense are conjugated as in the third conjugation (without -eix-), with -i- in the endings instead of -e-. The difference between the verbs along with their derivatives is in the 2nd, 3rd person singular and 3rd person plural indicative, as well as the 2nd person imperative. These may or may not have an accent on the -e. The 3rd person singular indicative and 2nd person singular imperative may also retain or drop the final -n of the stem. The singular imperative of venir itself is unique: vine. [edit] Infinitive in -ure This group contains verbs with stems in vowels, including also dur and dir. The stem of these verbs is formed by removing -ure. Some present indicative forms then add -u. The preterite, subjunctive, imperative and past participle add -g-. The first person singular present ends in -c. This group of verbs can be further subdivided based on the form of the imperfect form. [edit] Imperfect in -ïa Model verb: complaure Other verbs: displaure, noure, plaure Template: {{ca-conj-ure-complaure}} Verbs in this subgroup get a diaeresis on the initial -i- of the ending when in hiatus.     Conjugation of second conjugation, stem in -u, imperfect in -ïa infinitive -ure present participle -ent past participle -gut person singular plural first second third first second third Indicative jo tu ell/ella vostè nosaltres nós vosaltres vós ells/elles vostès present -c -us -u -em -eu -uen imperfect -ï-a -ï-es -ï-a -í-em -í-eu -ï-en future -ur-é -ur-às -ur-à -ur-em -ur-eu -ur-an preterite -guí -gueres -gué -guérem -guéreu -gueren conditional -ur-ia -ur-ies -ur-ia -ur-íem -ur-íeu -ur-ien subjunctive jo tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles present -gui -guis -gui -guem -gueu -guin imperfect -gués -guessis -gués -guéssim -guéssiu -guessin imperative - tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles -u -gui -guem -eu -guin [edit] Imperfect in -via Model verb: beure Other verbs: deure, moure, ploure Template: {{ca-conj-ure-beure}} Verbs in this subgroup insert -v- in between two vowels in hiatus.     Conjugation of second conjugation, stem in -u, imperfect in -ia infinitive -ure present participle -vent past participle -gut person singular plural first second third first second third Indicative jo tu ell/ella vostè nosaltres nós vosaltres vós ells/elles vostès present -c -us -u -vem -veu -uen imperfect -vi-a -vi-es -vi-a -ví-em -ví-eu -vi-en future -ur-é -ur-às -ur-à -ur-em -ur-eu -ur-an preterite -guí -gueres -gué -guérem -guéreu -gueren conditional -ur-ia -ur-ies -ur-ia -ur-íem -ur-íeu -ur-ien subjunctive jo tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles present -gui -guis -gui -guem -gueu -guin imperfect -gués -guessis -gués -guéssim -guéssiu -guessin imperative - tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles -u -gui -guem -veu -guin [edit] Irregular verbs Verb Other verbs Irregularity heure/haure/haver Stem varies between he- and ha-. haver (aux) As heure, but with shortened present indicative. Present subjunctive in -g- instead of -gu-. escriure All verbs in -scriure With 3rd conjugation (-i-) endings in present participle, present indicative 1/2pl, imperative 2pl. Alternative forms for preterite, subjunctive imperfect with stem escriv- and 3rd conj. endings. viure conviure, malviure As escriure, but with -g- (pres.ind.1sg -c) replaced by -sc- (-sq-) in all forms. [edit] Imperfect in -(e)ia Model verb: creure Other verbs: asseure, descreure, lleure, seure, sobraseure Template: {{ca-conj-ure-creure}} Verbs in this subgroup insert -i- in between two vowels in hiatus. The stem vowel of the imperfect is always stressed e except for those with stems in -u. The -i- of the imperfect ending is never stressed.     Conjugation of second conjugation, stem in -u, imperfect in -(e)ia infinitive -ure present participle -ient past participle -gut person singular plural first second third first second third Indicative jo tu ell/ella vostè nosaltres nós vosaltres vós ells/elles vostès present -c -us -u -iem -ieu -uen imperfect -i-a -i-es -i-a -i-em -i-eu -i-en future -ur-é -ur-às -ur-à -ur-em -ur-eu -ur-an preterite -guí -gueres -gué -guérem -guéreu -gueren conditional -ur-ia -ur-ies -ur-ia -ur-íem -ur-íeu -ur-ien subjunctive jo tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles present -gui -guis -gui -guem -gueu -guin imperfect -gués -guessis -gués -guéssim -guéssiu -guessin imperative - tu ell/ella nosaltres vosaltres ells/elles -u -gui -guem -ieu -guin [edit] Varieties Verbs with stems in -i reduce -ii- to -i-. Those with -u reduce -ui- and -uu- before vowels to -u-. Ending in Example verb Other verbs -i riure dir/diure -u dur [edit] Irregular verbs Verb Other verbs Irregularity caure decaure, escaure, recaure With stem cai- also in pres.ind.1sg (caic), preterite and subjunctive; stem quei- in imperfect. jeure/jaure ajeure/ajaure Stem varies between je- and ja-. treure/traure bestreure/bestraure, distreure/distraure, retreure/retraure As jeure/jaure except p.p. (tret) veure entreveure, preveure, reveure With stem vei- also in pres.ind.1sg (veig), preterite and subjunctive imperfect. -g- instead of -gu- in subjunctive present. Alternative forms for pret. in ve(r)-. dur endur Infinitive in -r, with matching future and conditional stem. Past participle (dut). dir contradir, desdir, predir Infinitive in -r, with matching future and conditional stem. Past participle (dit). [edit] Other verbs This group contains a few verbs with single-syllable stems ending in vowels, along with their derivatives. Model verb Other verbs Notes fer desfer estrafer, refer as fer except impr.2, impf.subj.1,3 ser/ésser Irregular/suppletive. [edit] References Xuriguera, Joan Baptista (2004). Els verbs conjugats (4ta. edició). Barcelona: Claret. ISBN 84-8297-757-1. Fabra, Pompeu (1968). Introducció a la gramàtica catalana (5ena. edició, 1987). Barcelona: Edicions 62. ISBN 84-297-0087-0. Enciclopèdia Catalana (2007). Diccionari de la llengua catalana (10 volums). ISBN 978-84-611-8380-7. Institut d'Estudis Catalans (1995). Diccionari de la llengua catalana (4ta. edició). ISBN 84-412-2477-3.

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