Wiktionary - Recent changes [en]: Appendix:Hawaiian Swadesh list

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At the end of the 1940s, new insights of radiocarbon dating became known to the public. Linguist Morris Swadesh believed that words decayed with age in a roughly similar way and therefore applied similar methods to determine the relationship of languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971. Note that Swadesh lists are not to be considered as an elementary lexicon to communicate with speakers of a given language; for such a purpose, please refer to the numerous existing Wikitravel. Appendix:Hawaiian Swadesh list Aug 29th 2012, 03:05 Revision as of 02:28, 28 August 2012 (edit) Latest revision as of 03:05, 29 August 2012 (edit) (undo) Line 102: Line 102:   |wrd090=   |wrd090=   |wrd091=   |wrd091= − |wrd092= + |wrd092=[[inu]], [[inumia]], [[pā]] − |wrd093= + |wrd093=[[ʻai]], [[ʻai iho]], [[amu]], [[hoʻopiha]] − |wrd094= + |wrd094=[[nahu]], [[nanahu]], [[ʻaki]], [[ʻaʻaki]], [[ʻakina]]   |wrd095=   |wrd095=   |wrd096=   |wrd096=   |wrd097=   |wrd097= − |wrd098= + |wrd098=[[pahi]], [[pā]], [[papā]], [[pā makani]], [[ulu]], [[unu]] − |wrd099= + |wrd099=[[hanu]], [[aho]]   |wrd100=   |wrd100=   |wrd101=   |wrd101= Line 124: Line 124:   |wrd112=   |wrd112=   |wrd113=   |wrd113= − |wrd114= + |wrd114=[[ʻoki]], [[hōʻoki]], [[moku]], [[mō]], [[mokumoku]], [[momoku]], [[mokuhia]], [[kālai]], [[kaha]]   |wrd115=   |wrd115=   |wrd116=   |wrd116= Line 132: Line 132:   |wrd120=   |wrd120=   |wrd121=[[hele wāwae]], [[hele]]   |wrd121=[[hele wāwae]], [[hele]] − |wrd122= + |wrd122=[[hele mai]], [[mai]]   |wrd123=   |wrd123=   |wrd124=   |wrd124= Line 149: Line 149:   |wrd137=   |wrd137=   |wrd138=   |wrd138= − |wrd139= + |wrd139=[[helu]], [[heluhelu]], [[heluna]]   |wrd140=   |wrd140=   |wrd141=   |wrd141= No. English Hawaiian ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi 1 I au 2 you (singular) ʻoe 3 he ʻoia, ia, ʻoia nei, ʻoia ala 4 we kāua (dual, incl.), kākou (pl., incl.), māua (dual, excl.), mākou (pl., excl.) 5 you (plural) ʻolua (dual), ʻoukou (pl.) 6 they lāua (dual), lākou (pl.) 7 this kēia, ia, ʻoia, nei, neia 8 that kēnā, nā; kēlā, lā 9 here maʻaneʻi, eia nei 10 there laila, malaila, i laila 11 who wai, ʻo wai, na wai 12 what aha, he aha, pehea 13 where aia i hea, ʻauhea, ai hea 14 when ināhea 15 how pehea 16 not ʻaʻole 17 all āpau, pauloa, pau, papau, like ʻole, puni, holoʻokoʻa, paunui 18 many nui, lau 19 some kākaʻikahi 20 few 21 other kekāhi 22 one kahi 23 two lua 24 three kolu 25 four hā 26 five lima 27 big nui, nunui, hālala, māhuahua 28 long loa 29 wide ākea, laulā 30 thick mākolukolu 31 heavy kaumaha 32 small iki, liʻi 33 short pōkole 34 narrow lāʻiki 35 thin lahi 36 woman wahine 37 man (adult male) kāne 38 man (human being) kanaka 39 child keiki, kama 40 wife wahine 41 husband kāne 42 mother makuahine 43 father makuakāne 44 animal holoholona 45 fish iʻa 46 bird manu 47 dog ʻīlio 48 louse ʻuku 49 snake naheka 50 worm koʻe, ilo 51 tree lāʻau, kumulāʻau 52 forest ulu lāʻau 53 stick lāʻau 54 fruit hua 55 seed ʻanoʻano, hua, hua kanu 56 leaf 57 root aʻa, mole, weli 58 bark (of a tree) ʻili, ʻili lāʻau 59 flower pua 60 grass 61 rope kaula, kāwelewele 62 skin ʻili, ʻaluʻalu 63 meat 64 blood koko 65 bone iwi 66 fat (noun) 67 egg 68 horn 69 tail huelo 70 feather 71 hair 72 head 73 ear pepeiao 74 eye maka 75 nose 76 mouth waha 77 tooth niho 78 tongue (organ) alelo 79 fingernail mikiʻao 80 foot wāwae 81 leg wāwae 82 knee kuli 83 hand lima 84 wing ʻēheu 85 belly ʻōpū, hakualo 86 guts 87 neck 88 back kua 89 breast ū, waiū 90 heart 91 liver 92 to drink inu, inumia, pā 93 to eat ʻai, ʻai iho, amu, hoʻopiha 94 to bite nahu, nanahu, ʻaki, ʻaʻaki, ʻakina 95 to suck 96 to spit 97 to vomit 98 to blow pahi, pā, papā, pā makani, ulu, unu 99 to breathe hanu, aho 100 to laugh 101 to see 102 to hear 103 to know 104 to think 105 to smell 106 to fear 107 to sleep 108 to live 109 to die 110 to kill 111 to fight 112 to hunt 113 to hit 114 to cut ʻoki, hōʻoki, moku, mō, mokumoku, momoku, mokuhia, kālai, kaha 115 to split 116 to stab 117 to scratch 118 to dig 119 to swim 120 to fly 121 to walk hele wāwae, hele 122 to come hele mai, mai 123 to lie (as in a bed) 124 to sit 125 to stand 126 to turn (intransitive) 127 to fall 128 to give 129 to hold 130 to squeeze 131 to rub 132 to wash holoi 133 to wipe kāwele, holoi, hoʻokāwele 134 to pull huki 135 to push pahu 136 to throw 137 to tie 138 to sew 139 to count helu, heluhelu, heluna 140 to say 141 to sing 142 to play 143 to float lana, lanalana 144 to flow kahe 145 to freeze make anu, hoʻopaʻa i ka hau, makaʻeleʻele 146 to swell 147 sun lā 148 moon 149 star hōkū 150 water wai 151 rain 152 river kahawai, muliwai 153 lake loko, loko wai, loko paʻakai, moana, moana wai, moana paʻakai 154 sea kai, moana 155 salt paʻakai 156 stone pōhaku 157 sand one 158 dust ehu lepo, kuehu, ehu, ʻehu, uahi, lelehuna, lepo ʻaeʻae 159 earth 160 cloud ao 161 fog 162 sky lani, aouli, lewa 163 wind makani 164 snow hau, hau kea 165 ice 166 smoke uahi 167 fire 168 ash lehu, paʻu ahi 169 to burn 170 road ala, alanui, ala hele 171 mountain 172 red ʻulaʻula, ʻula 173 green ʻōmaʻomaʻo, maʻomaʻo 174 yellow melemele, lena 175 white keʻokeʻo, kʻeo, kea 176 black ʻeleʻele, ʻele, pōʻele, pāʻele, ʻeneʻene 177 night 178 day lā, ao 179 year makahiki 180 warm mahana, pumehana 181 cold anu, anuanu 182 full 183 new 184 old 185 good 186 bad maikaʻiʻole, ʻino, kohole 187 rotten pilau, palahū, ʻinoʻino, palahō, 188 dirty lepo 189 straight pololei 190 round poepoe, popohe, kūpoepoe 191 sharp (as a knife) ʻoi, ʻāwini 192 dull (as a knife) kūmūmū, mūmū, ʻoi ʻole 193 smooth malino 194 wet pulu, pulu pē, maʻū, ʻelo, paʻū 195 dry maloʻo 196 correct pololei, pono 197 near 198 far 199 right ʻākau 200 left hema 201 at ma, i, iā 202 in 203 with 204 and ā, a me, eia hoʻi 205 if 206 because no, no ka mea, ma, i, ma o, muli, mamuli 207 name

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